Eileen shepherd is clinical editor at nursing times. Your doctor can use the results to help diagnose the cause of respiratory symptoms. In just under one quarter of the 106 surgically resected cases cytology was the only preoperative confirmation of the clinical and radiological diagnosis. This substance cause coughing, breathing problems and often produces bacteria. The sensitivity of sputum cytology for the diagnosis of malignancy increases with the number of specimens examined, from 42% with a single specimen to 91% with five specimens. Standard manual for laboratory technicians on sputum smear microscopy. To the physician who is accustomed to order the sending of a specimen of sputum to the laboratory for examination as a routine procedure and does not get first hand knowledge of the appearances of these various types of disease exudates, the contents of this monograph will quickly prove to him that he has neglected a major portion of his part of the clinical examination. Tsenempi, in hunters tropical medicine and emerging infectious diseases tenth edition, 2020.
Diagnostic value of sputum grams stain and sputum culture. Microscopic examination showed that 58% of sputa tested 554957 were purulent or moderately purulent and 48% were moderately or heavily contaminated by. Sputum examination routine test for infections dr lal. Handbook on tb laboratory diagnostic methods in the. Other methods include tracheal suctioning and bronchoscopy. There should be adequate clinical information provided on the request form, which should clarify the indication for a cytological examination. Sputum examination test test results, normal range, cost. The validity and reliability of direct smear test as a diagnostic test visa vis culture on lj medium, was assessed by examining sputum samples of 5776 pulmonary tuberculosis patients at new delhi.
Pdf sputum examination for early detection of lung cancer. Macroscopic and microscopic features, technical methods of examination, and methods of disinfection of the contents of the sputum cup are given in satisfactory detail. Sputum examination refers to the laboratory examination or test of the material or substance coughed out from the lungs, bronchi, trachea, and larynx. Sputum is a thick substance produced by the lungs as a result of some infection or lungrelated disorder.
Tuberculosis diagnostic tools treatment action group. Healthcare providers instruction to expectorate a good sputum sample has limitations. Normally, fresh morning sample is preferred for the bacteriological examination of sputum. Coleman type 3 antiserum as described by kronvall 1973. Patient should perform oral hygiene and collect first morning sputum directly into saccomanno or 50% ethyl alcohol fixative in container for three consecutive mornings.
Sputum is mucus that is coughed up from the lower airways the trachea and bronchi. So, a large number of different species overgrow in sputum culture thus preventing the. Optimizing sputum smear microscopy for the diagnosis of pulmonary. View details of cost of test, pretest information and report availability on dr lal pathlabs. Sputum collection instructions sputum is the mucous or phlegm coughed up from your lungs. Instructions on how to produce a good sputum sample are a part of rntcp training manuals, but its assessment is not emphasised. Dr lal pathlabs offers home collection booking service for sputum examination to test for infections.
Sputum is collected in a sterile vessel and separated for processing. Before you do the test, gargle with water not mouthwash to rinse out your mouth. Dr lal pathlabs offers test service for sputum examination routine test for checking infections. Sputum is mucous that you cough up from deep inside your lungs.
Guidelines for submission of sputum specimens for tuberculosis. A sputum culture requires minimal effort on your part. Evaluation of some methods for laboratory examination of. A sputum culture is a test to detect and identify bacteria or fungi that infect the lungs or breathing passages. Remember you must always adjust your approach and be flexible when examining a child, taking into consideration their age, personality and how well they are. During expectoration, sputum gets contaminated with normal bacterial flora and cells from pharynx and mouth. Normally, sputum is mainly composed of mucus and also certain cellular and noncellular components of host origin. Methods for the quantitation of leucocytes, squamous epithelial cells, and potential pathogens in sputa are described. View details of cost of test, pre test information and report availability on dr lal pathlabs. Youll be asked to cough deeply to bring up the sputum from your lungs. The microbiological examination of sputum is commonly done as sputum is desired in cases of suspected pulmonary tuberculosis caused by m. Scroll down to read the article or download a printfriendly pdf here click here to see other articles in this series. A sample of sputum is collected in a sterile, widemouthed, dry, leakproof and breakresistant plasticcontainer and.
The sputum examination is a painfree test conducted to analyse the bacteria or fungi in the lungs that are causing sputum production. Sputum should be obtained from the lower respiratory passages rather than a sample consisting. It is critical that the patient not give a specimen that includes any mucoid material from the interior of the nose. Microscopic examination of sputum is used in identifying paragonimus westermani eggs, strongyloides stercoralis larvae, ascaris lumbricoides larvae, hookworm larvae, and rarely entamoeba histolytica. Sputum analysis in diagnosis and management of obstructive. The usual method of specimen collection is expectoration. Sputum examination for tuberculosis by direct microscopy. To reduce the likelihood of transmission to others, patients are encouraged to collect their sputum specimens outdoors whenever possible. Specimens prepared with fixatives that contain 50% ethyl alcohol, eg, saccomanno fixative, are not acceptable for microbiology testing. Examination of untreated sputum by papanicolaou s technique showed malignant cells in 76 per cent of 515 cases of primary carcinoma of the lung. Mycobacteriology laboratory manual world health organization. Sonam wangchuk, microbiologist, head of public health laboratory 2. Mucopurulent sputum is commonly found in bacterial pneumonia or bronchitis. It is not saliva or mucous from the back of the throat.
A technical guide for sputum smear microscopy, based on one initiated in 1969 by dr j holm, the then director of the international union against tuberculosis, was first published in 1978 by the iuat as the technical guide for sputum examination for tuberculosis. How to collect a sputum sample for your lab test allina health. Sputum cytology cellular pathology exeter clinical. Auscultation in normal chest, 4 types of sounds are usually heard. A sputum culture is a sample of the gooey substance that often comes up from your chest when you have an infection in your lungs or airways doctors use it to figure out what might be causing. Repeat until you have 1 2 tablespoons of sputum in the tube. Instructions for collecting sputum for tuberculosis tb. In the case that either, not all sputum samples were delivered, or the sputum was not of adequate quality, the data were considered missing. Does mobile phone instructional video demonstrating sputum.
Testing your sputum for tb bacteria is the best way to find out if you have tb. Do not eat, drink, smoke or brush your teeth before collecting the sputum. The lower respiratory tract secretion sputum is usually contaminated with normal flora of the oropharynx or saliva upper respiratory tract secretions. Laboratory diagnosis of tuberculosis by sputum microscopy through tb care i under the terms of agreement no. Chest xray examination chest xrays were performed at diagnosis on all patients and were evaluated by calculating the. A sputum grams stain is a quick, lowrisk laboratory test. Respiratory examination execution document last updated. Sputum collection for tuberculosis tb testing healthlinkbc file. Sputum smear microscopy is one of the most efficient tools for identifying people with infectious tb. Sputum is the phlegm that we collect from tb cases and suspects. Sputum should be coughed from deep in the chest and coughed into the plastic collection bottle. A note to file ntf is a document used to describe an error i. Binay thapa, microbiologist, public health laboratory 3. Zinc and vitamin a supplementation fails to reduce sputum.
Instructions for collecting sputum for tuberculosis tb pdf file 73 kb links to english resource summary. In medicine, sputum samples are usually used for naked eye exam, microbiological investigations of respiratory infections and cytological investigations of respiratory systems. Pdf sputum examination refers to the laboratory examination or test of the material or substance coughed out from the lungs, bronchi, trachea. The commonest cell type found on cytology in all types of cases was squamous carcinoma. The guide was included in the third and fourth editions of the iuatlds tuberculosis guide for low income countries. This publication was made possible by the generous support of the american people through the united states agency for international development usaid. A complete examination of the respiratory system must always include an examination of the ears, nose and throat. Introduction sputum smear microscopy is the cornerstone of tuberculosis tb diagnosis under the revised national tuberculosis control programme rntcp in india. A2pl loopful ofthe supernatant fluid was mixed with a loopful of antibodycoated staphylococci on a microscope slide, the slide was rocked. You simply need to provide the sample for the lab to test. Evaluation of some methods for the laboratory examination.
Learning objectives airway inflammation in asthma management. When sending early morning sputum specimens for cytology, please. Why to do sputum collection for tuberculosis tb testing, how to collect samples, how to handle sample bottles, types of tests and getting results. For each test about 1 ml of homogenised sputum was boiled for 10 minutes and either allowed to stand at roomtemperature for 5 minutes or centri fuged at 1100gfor 5 minutes. Sputum examination is an important aid in the diagnosis of pneumonia. Sputum analysis and culture is the most common method of specific diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infections. It was designed to be a simple reference standard for the collection, storage and transport of sputum specimens and for the examination of sputum smears by direct microscopy. Sputum is a thick fluid produced in the lungs and in the adjacent airways.
Started in 1995, this collection now contains 6769 interlinked topic pages divided into a tree of 31 specialty books and 732 chapters. Sputum examination online booking, infections test dr. Sputum specimens are best if coughed up first thing in the morning, after you have been sleeping at night. Culture of a properly screened, expectorated sputum sample will identify the pathogen in most cases of bacterial pneumonia. Laboratory diagnosis of tuberculosis by sputum microscopy the. To get an accurate test result, be sure to collect sputum, not saliva. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. A gram stain of expectorated sputum must be examined to ensure that its representative of secretions from the. Laboratory diagnosis of tuberculosis by sputum microscopy. Sputum quality and diagnostic performance of genexpert. Definition bacteriologic examination of sputum material raised from the lungs and bronchi during deep coughing is an important aid in managing lung disease. Collect three specimens on consecutive days and complete three request forms.
Notes on sputum examination helpful to undergraduate and postgraduate medical students slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. About fifty pages are devoted to a discussion of the character and clinical significance of the sputum in some twenty of the more common diseases of the bronchi and lungs. Sputum examination an overview sciencedirect topics. Smearpositive patients are up to ten times more likely to be. Pdf validity and reliability of sputum smear examination.
789 290 400 443 505 709 985 1006 638 1340 1458 117 1334 29 275 852 729 7 941 1586 490 865 1309 811 444 445 596 1391 285 989 560 260 375